Embryo stem cells created from skin cells

Scientists have found a "groundbreaking" method to transform skin cells into the three major stem cell types that comprise early-stage embryos. The study, published in the journal Cell Stem Cell, has significant implications for modelling embryonic disease and placental dysfunctions, as well as paving the way to create whole embryos from skin cells.

Researchers from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel discovered a set of genes capable of transforming murine skin cells into all three of the cell types that comprise the early embryo: the embryo itself, the placenta and the extraembryonic tissues, such as the umbilical cord. In the future, it may be possible to create entire human embryos out of human skin cells, without the need for sperm or eggs, researchers said.

The discovery also has vast implications for modelling embryonic defects and shedding light on placental dysfunctions, as well as solving certain infertility problems by creating human embryos in a petri dish, they said. In 2006, Japanese researchers discovered the capacity of skin cells to be "reprogrammed" into early embryonic cells that can generate an entire foetus, by expressing four central embryonic genes.

These reprogrammed skin cells, termed "Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells" (iPSCs), are similar to cells that develop in the early days after fertilisation and are essentially identical to their natural counterparts. These cells can develop into all foetal cell types, but not into extra-embryonic tissues, such as the placenta.

The latest study found a new combination of five genes that, when inserted into skin cells, reprogrammed the cells into each of three early embryonic cell types -- iPS cells which create foetuses, placental stem cells, and stem cells that develop into other extraembryonic tissues, such as the umbilical cord. These transformations take about one month, researchers said.

The team used new technology to scrutinise the molecular forces that govern cell fate decisions for skin cell reprogramming and the natural process of embryonic development. To uncover the molecular mechanisms that are activated during the formation of these various cell types, the researchers analysed changes to the genome structure and function inside the cells when the five genes are introduced into the cell.

They discovered that during the first stage, skin cells lose their cellular identity and then slowly acquire a new identity of one of the three early embryonic cell types and that this process is governed by the levels of two of the five genes. Recently, attempts have been made to develop an entire mouse embryo without using sperm or egg cells.

These attempts used the three early cell types isolated directly from life, developing embryo. However, the study is the first attempt to create all three main cell lineages at once from skin cells, researchers said.

These findings mean there may be no need to "sacrifice" a live embryo to create a test tube embryo, they said.

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