Study helps deploy pioneering method using rhenium as proxy for carbon

Carbon, the main component of life on Earth, is continuously moving from living things down into the crust and back up into the atmosphere.

Carbon, the main component of life on Earth, is continuously moving from living things down into the crust and back up into the atmosphere. Until recently, however, it was practically hard to quantify this movement. The chemistry of a river system that runs from the Peruvian Andes to the Amazon floodplains was researched by Mark Torres of Rice University and others in an effort to shed light on the riddle of how the Earth cycles fossil carbon.

Along with collaborators from five other institutions, Torres contributed to the demonstration that high rates of carbon breakdown continue from the top of mountains to the floodplain because weathering and erosion release carbon bound in rock that was once the ocean floor into the atmosphere. In a study that was published in PNAS, the researchers substituted rhenium, a heavy transition metal with a silvery-grey colour, for carbon. Knowing the Earth's pre-anthropogenic, natural carbon cycle can help us better understand the planet's past and how it has responded to recent climate change.

"The purpose of this research was to quantify the rate at which Earth naturally releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and find out whether this process varies across different geographic locations," Torres said. Traditionally, understanding this process has been challenging as it involves complex chemical reactions that transform rocks into gases like carbon dioxide, making it difficult to quantify.

"This research used a newly-developed technique pioneered by Robert Hilton and Mathieu Dellinger that relies on a trace element [?] rhenium [?] that's incorporated in fossil organic matter," Torres said. "As plankton die and sink to the bottom of the ocean, that dead carbon becomes chemically reactive in a way that adds rhenium to it." Over vast periods of time, geological processes can cause the rock on the ocean floor to be thrust to the Earth's surface as mountain ranges and the ancient carbon locked in the rock get slowly released into the atmosphere. As this happens, rhenium is left behind, which can be measured in water.

Unlike other elements in fossil carbon [?] such as nitrogen or phosphorus [?] which are taken up by plants or become part of other chemical or biological processes, rhenium is relatively inert, making it a good tool for gauging how much carbon gets released into the atmosphere from the Earth's crust. "Organisms don't care about it [?] it's not a nutrient," Torres said. "It just passively gets incorporated into rivers, where we can measure it. A good proxy is one that only responds to the process you're trying to study.

"You have to know a lot about rhenium as an element and its chemistry and the environment to be able to interpret it in this way. There is a lot of interpretive work that has had to come before these measurements that allows us to say that the only host for this element is the fossil carbon evaporated into the atmosphere." The Rio Madre de Dios basin was an ideal location for studying this question because it provided a natural gradient from the heights of one of the tallest mountain ranges down to the floodplains of the world's largest river by volume. Moreover, the rock types exposed at this site are carbon-rich shales, which Torres says is exactly what you would want to study in this case.

Torres said, "Rice students have deployed this same method in our lab here, so now we can make this kind of measurement and apply it at other sites. In fact, as part of current research funded by the National Science Foundation, we are applying this technique in Southern California to learn how tectonics and climate influence the breakdown of fossil carbon."

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