FACTBOX-How dependent is Germany on Russian gas?

ICIS analysis data for German supply showed that in December 2021 Russian pipeline gas accounted for 32%, Norwegian gas 20% and Dutch 12%, with storage 22% and the rest from other smaller sources including domestic production. "Russia in its (gas supplier) role cannot be replaced during the next few years," Maubach said.

Russian forces invaded Ukraine on Thursday, sending European gas prices higher and increasing the focus on gas supply in countries including Germany, which is Europe's largest economy and imports most of the gas it consumes.

Dutch gas prices rose 30%-40% on Thursday amid concerns over supply disruptions, although export flows of Russian gas, oil and other commodities to the West remained steady in the hours after the invasion began. Russia supplies more than a third of Europe's gas.

German Chancellor Olaf Scholz on Tuesday halted the new Nord Stream 2 pipeline designed to bring more Russian natural gas to Germany, after Moscow formally recognised two breakaway regions in eastern Ukraine. Here is the current state of play in Germany's gas sector.

WHAT ARE THE NUMBERS? In 2021, Germany imported 142 billion cubic metres (bcm) of gas, 6.4% less than in 2020, foreign trade statistics office BAFA, which does not identify the origins of imports, said.

Domestic gas usage was 100 bcm in 2021, utility industry group BDEW said. Germany has 24 bcm of underground caverns of gas storage. A fifth of that is represented by Rehden, a unit owned by storage company Astora which is in turn owned by Russian company Gazprom . As such, total storage capacity could meet a quarter of Germany's annual gas usage.

Germany's storage caverns currently stand at 30% full, according to industry group Gas Infrastructure Europe data. Domestic gas production peaked in the 1990s and now covers only 5% of annual consumption.

The chief executive of German utility Uniper last month pegged Russia's share of Germany's gas supply at half, although this can fluctuate from month to month. ICIS analysis data for German supply showed that in December 2021 Russian pipeline gas accounted for 32%, Norwegian gas 20% and Dutch 12%, with storage 22% and the rest from other smaller sources including domestic production.

"Russia in its (gas supplier) role cannot be replaced during the next few years," Maubach said. WHY DOES GERMANY NEED GAS?

Gas burning accounted for 15.3% of German electricity generation last year, according to BDEW. Losing a large chunk of gas imports - from whatever source - could require a short-term increase in coal-fired generation at home or imports of power from neighbours to fill the gap.

The situation is more acute in home heating, where gas keeps half of Germany's 41.5 million households warm, and in manufacturing industries where sectors such as ceramics cannot produce without the fuel. WHAT OTHER TIES DOES GERMANY HAVE WITH RUSSIA?

Germany and Russia have had a strong energy supply partnership for decades. It was struck during the Cold War and remained strong despite ups and downs in bilateral relations. Germany does not only need gas from Russia. BAFA showed that 34% of Germany's crude oil came from Russia in 2021 and coal group VDKi said 53% of hard coal received by German power generators and steelmakers came from Russia last year.

WILL GAS DEMAND FALL? Eventually it should, to comply with Germany's pledges to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Heating with gas will be phased out long-term in favour of heat pumps and other alternatives.

But in power generation, gas use is expected to rise for a transition period under plans to phase out coal and nuclear energy. Future consumption will depend on the speed of Germany's renewable energy roll-out and whether low-emission hydrogen produced from renewable sources such as wind and solar can be harnessed to replace fossil gas.

The International Energy Agency has said countries' climate pledges would cut European gas demand to 504 bcm in 2030 from 596 bcm in 2020 although, going by governments' "stated policies", it would decrease only marginally to 587 bcm. The IEA has no breakdown for individual countries. WHAT ALTERNATIVES DOES GERMANY HAVE?

EU officials have sought alternative gas supplies in recent months from countries including the United States, Qatar, Azerbaijan and Japan, amid escalating tensions with Russia, the EU's biggest gas supplier. Europe's liquefied natural gas (LNG) imports hit a record high of nearly 11 bcm in January, with nearly half coming from the United States.

In Europe, LNG is received in Britain, along the northwestern European coast and in the Mediterranean - a still young and growing industry. Germany does not have domestic LNG infrastructure, but the Dutch Gate landing terminal with 12 bcm handling capacity supplies western German customers. Europe competes with Asian buyers to secure cargoes in global LNG markets, where swings in demand can cause volatile and high prices.

As for pipeline gas, European utilities have rolling purchasing agreements with Russia for up to 30 years at a time with take-or-pay options and linked to agreed-upon benchmarks such as oil or spot prices at virtual European gas trading hubs. Knowledge of when which contracts are renewed and at what terms is up to counterparties to publish, and transparency can be minimal.

(This story has not been edited by Devdiscourse staff and is auto-generated from a syndicated feed.)